Index of Documentation for People Interested in Writing and/or Understanding the Linux Kernel¶
Juan-Mariano de Goyeneche <jmseyas@dit.upm.es>
The need for a document like this one became apparent in the linux-kernel mailing list as the same questions, asking for pointers to information, appeared again and again.
Fortunately, as more and more people get to GNU/Linux, more and more get interested in the Kernel. But reading the sources is not always enough. It is easy to understand the code, but miss the concepts, the philosophy and design decisions behind this code.
Unfortunately, not many documents are available for beginners to start. And, even if they exist, there was no “well-known” place which kept track of them. These lines try to cover this lack. All documents available on line known by the author are listed, while some reference books are also mentioned.
PLEASE, if you know any paper not listed here or write a new document, send me an e-mail, and I’ll include a reference to it here. Any corrections, ideas or comments are also welcomed.
The papers that follow are listed in no particular order. All are cataloged with the following fields: the document’s “Title”, the “Author”/s, the “URL” where they can be found, some “Keywords” helpful when searching for specific topics, and a brief “Description” of the Document.
Enjoy!
Note
The documents on each section of this document are ordered by its published date, from the newest to the oldest.
Docs at the Linux Kernel tree¶
The Sphinx books should be built with make {htmldocs | pdfdocs | epubdocs}.
Name: linux/Documentation
Author: Many. Location: Documentation/ Keywords: text files, Sphinx. Description: Documentation that comes with the kernel sources, inside the Documentation directory. Some pages from this document (including this document itself) have been moved there, and might be more up to date than the web version.
On-line docs¶
Title: Linux Kernel Mailing List Glossary
Author: various URL: http://kernelnewbies.org/glossary/ Date: rolling version Keywords: glossary, terms, linux-kernel. Description: From the introduction: “This glossary is intended as a brief description of some of the acronyms and terms you may hear during discussion of the Linux kernel”. Title: Tracing the Way of Data in a TCP Connection through the Linux Kernel
Author: Richard Sailer URL: https://archive.org/details/linux_kernel_data_flow_short_paper Date: 2016 Keywords: Linux Kernel Networking, TCP, tracing, ftrace Description: A seminar paper explaining ftrace and how to use it for understanding linux kernel internals, illustrated at tracing the way of a TCP packet through the kernel. Abstract: This short paper outlines the usage of ftrace a tracing framework as a tool to understand a running Linux system. Having obtained a trace-log a kernel hacker can read and understand source code more determined and with context. In a detailed example this approach is demonstrated in tracing and the way of data in a TCP Connection through the kernel. Finally this trace-log is used as base for more a exact conceptual exploration and description of the Linux TCP/IP implementation. Title: On submitting kernel Patches
Author: Andi Kleen URL: http://halobates.de/on-submitting-kernel-patches.pdf Date: 2008 Keywords: patches, review process, types of submissions, basic rules, case studies Description: This paper gives several experience values on what types of patches there are and how likley they get merged. Abstract: [...]. This paper examines some common problems for submitting larger changes and some strategies to avoid problems. Title: Overview of the Virtual File System
Author: Richard Gooch. URL: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt Date: 2007 Keywords: VFS, File System, mounting filesystems, opening files, dentries, dcache. Description: Brief introduction to the Linux Virtual File System. What is it, how it works, operations taken when opening a file or mounting a file system and description of important data structures explaining the purpose of each of their entries. Title: Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition
Author: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ Date: 2005 Description: A 600-page book covering the (2.6.10) driver programming API and kernel hacking in general. Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. note: You can also purchase a copy from O’Reilly or elsewhere. Title: Writing an ALSA Driver
Author: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> URL: http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/index.html Date: 2005 Keywords: ALSA, sound, soundcard, driver, lowlevel, hardware. Description: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture for developers, both at kernel and user-level sides. ALSA is the Linux kernel sound architecture in the 2.6 kernel version. Title: Linux PCMCIA Programmer’s Guide
Author: David Hinds. URL: http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/ftp/doc/PCMCIA-PROG.html Date: 2003 Keywords: PCMCIA. Description: “This document describes how to write kernel device drivers for the Linux PCMCIA Card Services interface. It also describes how to write user-mode utilities for communicating with Card Services. Title: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
Author: Ori Pomerantz. URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html Date: 2001 Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls, interrupt handlers . Description: Very nice 92 pages GPL book on the topic of modules programming. Lots of examples. Title: Global spinlock list and usage
Author: Rick Lindsley. URL: http://lse.sourceforge.net/lockhier/global-spin-lock Date: 2001 Keywords: spinlock. Description: This is an attempt to document both the existence and usage of the spinlocks in the Linux 2.4.5 kernel. Comprehensive list of spinlocks showing when they are used, which functions access them, how each lock is acquired, under what conditions it is held, whether interrupts can occur or not while it is held... Title: A Linux vm README
Author: Kanoj Sarcar. URL: http://kos.enix.org/pub/linux-vmm.html Date: 2001 Keywords: virtual memory, mm, pgd, vma, page, page flags, page cache, swap cache, kswapd. Description: Telegraphic, short descriptions and definitions relating the Linux virtual memory implementation. Title: Video4linux Drivers, Part 1: Video-Capture Device
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/406 Date: 2000 Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices, camera driver. Description: The title says it all. Title: Video4linux Drivers, Part 2: Video-capture Devices
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/429 Date: 2000 Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices, camera driver, control, query capabilities, capability, facility. Description: The title says it all. Title: Linux IP Networking. A Guide to the Implementation and Modification of the Linux Protocol Stack.
Author: Glenn Herrin. URL: http://www.cs.unh.edu/cnrg/gherrin Date: 2000 Keywords: network, networking, protocol, IP, UDP, TCP, connection, socket, receiving, transmitting, forwarding, routing, packets, modules, /proc, sk_buff, FIB, tags. Description: Excellent paper devoted to the Linux IP Networking, explaining anything from the kernel’s to the user space configuration tools’ code. Very good to get a general overview of the kernel networking implementation and understand all steps packets follow from the time they are received at the network device till they are delivered to applications. The studied kernel code is from 2.2.14 version. Provides code for a working packet dropper example. Title: How To Make Sure Your Driver Will Work On The Power Macintosh
Author: Paul Mackerras. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/261 Date: 1999 Keywords: Mac, Power Macintosh, porting, drivers, compatibility. Description: The title says it all. Title: An Introduction to SCSI Drivers
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/284 Date: 1999 Keywords: SCSI, device, driver. Description: The title says it all. Title: Advanced SCSI Drivers And Other Tales
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/307 Date: 1999 Keywords: SCSI, device, driver, advanced. Description: The title says it all. Title: Writing Linux Mouse Drivers
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/330 Date: 1999 Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm. Description: The title says it all. Title: More on Mouse Drivers
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/356 Date: 1999 Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm, races, asynchronous I/O. Description: The title still says it all. Title: Writing Video4linux Radio Driver
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/381 Date: 1999 Keywords: video4linux, driver, radio, radio devices. Description: The title says it all. Title: I/O Event Handling Under Linux
Author: Richard Gooch. URL: http://web.mit.edu/~yandros/doc/io-events.html Date: 1999 Keywords: IO, I/O, select(2), poll(2), FDs, aio_read(2), readiness event queues. Description: From the Introduction: “I/O Event handling is about how your Operating System allows you to manage a large number of open files (file descriptors in UNIX/POSIX, or FDs) in your application. You want the OS to notify you when FDs become active (have data ready to be read or are ready for writing). Ideally you want a mechanism that is scalable. This means a large number of inactive FDs cost very little in memory and CPU time to manage”. Title: (nearly) Complete Linux Loadable Kernel Modules. The definitive guide for hackers, virus coders and system administrators.
Author: pragmatic/THC. URL: http://packetstormsecurity.org/docs/hack/LKM_HACKING.html Date: 1999 Keywords: syscalls, intercept, hide, abuse, symbol table. Description: Interesting paper on how to abuse the Linux kernel in order to intercept and modify syscalls, make files/directories/processes invisible, become root, hijack ttys, write kernel modules based virus... and solutions for admins to avoid all those abuses. Notes: For 2.0.x kernels. Gives guidances to port it to 2.2.x kernels. Name: Linux Virtual File System
Author: Peter J. Braam. URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/talks/linuxvfs/ Date: 1998 Keywords: slides, VFS, inode, superblock, dentry, dcache. Description: Set of slides, presumably from a presentation on the Linux VFS layer. Covers version 2.1.x, with dentries and the dcache. Title: The Venus kernel interface
Author: Peter J. Braam. URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/html/kernel-venus-protocol.html Date: 1998 Keywords: coda, filesystem, venus, cache manager. Description: “This document describes the communication between Venus and kernel level file system code needed for the operation of the Coda filesystem. This version document is meant to describe the current interface (version 1.0) as well as improvements we envisage”. Title: Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem
Author: Rémy Card, Theodore Ts’o, Stephen Tweedie. URL: http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html Date: 1998 Keywords: ext2, linux fs history, inode, directory, link, devices, VFS, physical structure, performance, benchmarks, ext2fs library, ext2fs tools, e2fsck. Description: Paper written by three of the top ext2 hackers. Covers Linux filesystems history, ext2 motivation, ext2 features, design, physical structure on disk, performance, benchmarks, e2fsck’s passes description... A must read! Notes: This paper was first published in the Proceedings of the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux, ISBN 90-367-0385-9. Title: The Linux RAID-1, 4, 5 Code
Author: Ingo Molnar, Gadi Oxman and Miguel de Icaza. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=2391 Date: 1997 Keywords: RAID, MD driver. Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its Abstract: A description of the implementation of the RAID-1, RAID-4 and RAID-5 personalities of the MD device driver in the Linux kernel, providing users with high performance and reliable, secondary-storage capability using software. Title: Linux Kernel Hackers’ Guide
Author: Michael K. Johnson. URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/khg.html Date: 1997 Keywords: device drivers, files, VFS, kernel interface, character vs block devices, hardware interrupts, scsi, DMA, access to user memory, memory allocation, timers. Description: A guide designed to help you get up to speed on the concepts that are not intuitevly obvious, and to document the internal structures of Linux. Title: Dynamic Kernels: Modularized Device Drivers
Author: Alessandro Rubini. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1219 Date: 1996 Keywords: device driver, module, loading/unloading modules, allocating resources. Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its Abstract: This is the first of a series of four articles co-authored by Alessandro Rubini and Georg Zezchwitz which present a practical approach to writing Linux device drivers as kernel loadable modules. This installment presents an introduction to the topic, preparing the reader to understand next month’s installment. Title: Dynamic Kernels: Discovery
Author: Alessandro Rubini. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1220 Date: 1996 Keywords: character driver, init_module, clean_up module, autodetection, mayor number, minor number, file operations, open(), close(). Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its Abstract: This article, the second of four, introduces part of the actual code to create custom module implementing a character device driver. It describes the code for module initialization and cleanup, as well as the open() and close() system calls. Title: The Devil’s in the Details
Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz and Alessandro Rubini. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1221 Date: 1996 Keywords: read(), write(), select(), ioctl(), blocking/non blocking mode, interrupt handler. Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its Abstract: This article, the third of four on writing character device drivers, introduces concepts of reading, writing, and using ioctl-calls. Title: Dissecting Interrupts and Browsing DMA
Author: Alessandro Rubini and Georg v. Zezschwitz. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1222 Date: 1996 Keywords: interrupts, irqs, DMA, bottom halves, task queues. Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its Abstract: This is the fourth in a series of articles about writing character device drivers as loadable kernel modules. This month, we further investigate the field of interrupt handling. Though it is conceptually simple, practical limitations and constraints make this an ‘’interesting’’ part of device driver writing, and several different facilities have been provided for different situations. We also investigate the complex topic of DMA. Title: Device Drivers Concluded
Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1287 Date: 1996 Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management, demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap, virtual memory areas (VMAs), vremap, PCI. Description: Finally, the above turned out into a five articles series. This latest one’s introduction reads: “This is the last of five articles about character device drivers. In this final section, Georg deals with memory mapping devices, beginning with an overall description of the Linux memory management concepts”. Title: Network Buffers And Memory Management
Author: Alan Cox. URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1312 Date: 1996 Keywords: sk_buffs, network devices, protocol/link layer variables, network devices flags, transmit, receive, configuration, multicast. Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner. Abstract: Writing a network device driver for Linux is fundamentally simple—most of the complexity (other than talking to the hardware) involves managing network packets in memory. Title: Analysis of the Ext2fs structure
Author: Louis-Dominique Dubeau. URL: http://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS2002/fs-ext2/ Date: 1994 Keywords: ext2, filesystem, ext2fs. Description: Description of ext2’s blocks, directories, inodes, bitmaps, invariants...
Published books¶
Title: Linux Treiber entwickeln
Author: Jürgen Quade, Eva-Katharina Kunst Publisher: dpunkt.verlag Date: Oct 2015 (4th edition) Pages: 688 ISBN: 978-3-86490-288-8 Note: German. The third edition from 2011 is much cheaper and still quite up-to-date. Title: Linux Kernel Networking: Implementation and Theory
Author: Rami Rosen Publisher: Apress Date: December 22, 2013 Pages: 648 ISBN: 978-1430261964 Title: Embedded Linux Primer: A practical Real-World Approach, 2nd Edition
Author: Christopher Hallinan Publisher: Pearson Date: November, 2010 Pages: 656 ISBN: 978-0137017836 Title: Linux Kernel Development, 3rd Edition
Author: Robert Love Publisher: Addison-Wesley Date: July, 2010 Pages: 440 ISBN: 978-0672329463 Title: Essential Linux Device Drivers
Author: Sreekrishnan Venkateswaran Published: Prentice Hall Date: April, 2008 Pages: 744 ISBN: 978-0132396554
Title: Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition
Authors: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman Publisher: O’Reilly & Associates Date: 2005 Pages: 636 ISBN: 0-596-00590-3 Notes: Further information in http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3/ PDF format, URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ Title: Linux Kernel Internals
Author: Michael Beck Publisher: Addison-Wesley Date: 1997 ISBN: 0-201-33143-8 (second edition) Title: Programmation Linux 2.0 API systeme et fonctionnement du noyau
Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel Publisher: Eyrolles Date: 1997 Pages: 520 ISBN: 2-212-08932-5 Notes: French Title: The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD UNIX Operating System
Author: Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, John S. Quarterman Publisher: Addison-Wesley Date: 1996 ISBN: 0-201-54979-4 Title: Unix internals – the new frontiers
Author: Uresh Vahalia Publisher: Prentice Hall Date: 1996 Pages: 600 ISBN: 0-13-101908-2 Title: Programming for the real world - POSIX.4
Author: Bill O. Gallmeister Publisher: O’Reilly & Associates, Inc Date: 1995 Pages: 552 ISBN: I-56592-074-0 Notes: Though not being directly about Linux, Linux aims to be POSIX. Good reference. Title: UNIX Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers
Author: Curt Schimmel Publisher: Addison Wesley Date: June, 1994 Pages: 432 ISBN: 0-201-63338-8 Title: The Design and Implementation of the 4.3 BSD UNIX Operating System
Author: Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J Karels, John S. Quarterman Publisher: Addison-Wesley Date: 1989 (reprinted with corrections on October, 1990) ISBN: 0-201-06196-1 Title: The Design of the UNIX Operating System
Author: Maurice J. Bach Publisher: Prentice Hall Date: 1986 Pages: 471 ISBN: 0-13-201757-1
Miscellaneous¶
Name: Cross-Referencing Linux
URL: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ Keywords: Browsing source code. Description: Another web-based Linux kernel source code browser. Lots of cross references to variables and functions. You can see where they are defined and where they are used. Name: Linux Weekly News
URL: http://lwn.net Keywords: latest kernel news. Description: The title says it all. There’s a fixed kernel section summarizing developers’ work, bug fixes, new features and versions produced during the week. Published every Thursday. Name: The home page of Linux-MM
Author: The Linux-MM team. URL: http://linux-mm.org/ Keywords: memory management, Linux-MM, mm patches, TODO, docs, mailing list. Description: Site devoted to Linux Memory Management development. Memory related patches, HOWTOs, links, mm developers... Don’t miss it if you are interested in memory management development! Name: Kernel Newbies IRC Channel and Website
URL: http://www.kernelnewbies.org Keywords: IRC, newbies, channel, asking doubts. Description: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net. #kernelnewbies is an IRC network dedicated to the ‘newbie’ kernel hacker. The audience mostly consists of people who are learning about the kernel, working on kernel projects or professional kernel hackers that want to help less seasoned kernel people. #kernelnewbies is on the OFTC IRC Network. Try irc.oftc.net as your server and then /join #kernelnewbies. The kernelnewbies website also hosts articles, documents, FAQs... Name: linux-kernel mailing list archives and search engines
URL: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html URL: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/index.html URL: http://groups.google.com/group/mlist.linux.kernel Keywords: linux-kernel, archives, search. Description: Some of the linux-kernel mailing list archivers. If you have a better/another one, please let me know.
Document last updated on Tue 2016-Sep-20
- This document is based on:
- http://www.dit.upm.es/~jmseyas/linux/kernel/hackers-docs.html